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Mould in a defective home: what it can do to your health

Help & AdviceReading time approx 3 min

Cracked and failing walls can let in damp, and damp lets mould grow. If you are living in a defective home, it is natural to worry about what that means for your family's health. This page sets out what health bodies have found, so you can talk it through with your GP.

This is general information, not medical advice. If you or anyone in your home has symptoms, please speak to your GP or pharmacist.

Why does mould affect health?

Indoor mould affects health in three main ways: by setting off the immune system, by irritating the body, and, less often, by infecting tissue directly.

The World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for indoor air quality conclude that living or working in damp, mould-affected buildings is linked to more respiratory disease, more allergies and disruption to the immune system.

The effects fall into four broad groups.

1. Breathing problems and allergies

This is the most common effect. It comes from breathing in airborne mould spores, fragments of mould, and the gases mould gives off (microbial volatile organic compounds, or mVOCs).

  • Asthma: reviews of the evidence show that mould exposure raises the risk of respiratory problems by 30% to 50%. A large study of children found that 11% of children exposed to household mould developed asthma, compared with 7% in homes without mould.
  • Allergic rhinitis: allergic reactions can cause a blocked nose, sneezing, a long-lasting cough and sore eyes.
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a serious lung disease caused by a strong immune reaction to something breathed in. Clinical records analysed by UT Southwestern Medical Center found that nearly 23% of the cases studied were caused directly by long-term exposure to household mould.

2. Fungal infections

In people with a weakened immune system or existing lung disease, mould spores can take hold in the body.

  • Aspergillosis: breathing in Aspergillus spores can cause serious fungal infections in the airways.
  • Opportunistic infections: people having treatment that suppresses the immune system, or living with advanced immune deficiency, are especially at risk of mould growing in the lungs and sinuses.

3. Toxic and irritant effects

Some moulds produce substances called mycotoxins.

  • Inflammation: long-term exposure to mycotoxins in the air can disturb the body's normal immune signalling and cause inflammation throughout the body.
  • Irritation: the strong smell of mould (the mVOCs) can directly irritate the lining of the nose, eyes and throat, even in people without allergies.

4. Effects on the whole body and the mind

Newer research describes ways in which the immune system's response to mould may affect thinking and mood.

  • Thinking and energy: long-term exposure has been linked to "brain fog", short-term memory problems and ongoing tiredness.
  • Mental health: a large review of several studies found a direct link between persistent household mould and higher rates of depression, anxiety and stress.

What do health bodies say?

What can I do?

  • Talk to your GP about any symptoms, and mention that your home has damp or mould.
  • Tell your engineer about any damp or mould you notice.
  • Look after yourself. Living with a failing home is hard, and the worry adds up. You are not alone. Free, confidential support is listed on our support page and in mental health support.
  • If your home is no longer safe to live in, read about temporary accommodation during works.

Sources

  1. WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould (opens in a new tab)World Health Organization · who.int
  2. Mold: health effects (opens in a new tab)US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention · cdc.gov
  3. Understanding and addressing the health risks of damp and mould in the home (opens in a new tab)GOV.UK · gov.uk
  4. Mold (opens in a new tab)National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences · niehs.nih.gov
  5. Household mold linked to inflammatory lung disease (opens in a new tab)UT Southwestern Medical Center · utsouthwestern.edu
  6. Black mold (opens in a new tab)Cleveland Clinic · my.clevelandclinic.org
  7. Mold in the home: identifying and treating the issue to prevent health problems (opens in a new tab)Harvard Health Publishing · health.harvard.edu
  8. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology article on mold exposure (opens in a new tab)Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · jacionline.org
  9. American Journal of Epidemiology article on household mold (opens in a new tab)American Journal of Epidemiology · academic.oup.com
  10. Article on mycosis (opens in a new tab)ScienceDirect · sciencedirect.com
  11. Mycosis: topic overview (opens in a new tab)ScienceDirect · sciencedirect.com
  12. Research article on opportunistic fungal infections (PMC5709805) (opens in a new tab)PubMed Central · pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. Research article on mould and mucosal irritation (PMC12720255) (opens in a new tab)PubMed Central · pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  14. Research article on mould, immune activation and mental health (PMC7231651) (opens in a new tab)PubMed Central · pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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